Technology transfer

The transfer of new technology from the originator to a secondary user, especially from developed to less developed countries in an attempt to boost their economies. It is a price of transferring skill, knowledge, methods of manufacturing, samples of manufacturing and facilities among governments or universities and other institutions to ensure that scientific and technological developments are accessible to a wider range of users. It is also called technology commercialization.

Importance

  • Helps in development and expansion of technology
  • Commercialization of technology
  • Use technology in otherwise impossible area to produce such tech
  • Helps in new research, experiment and development
  • Use technology to increase productivity
  • Replace old technology with new one
  • Use technology in sectors like education, health, development, environment etc.

Problems

  • Not enough resources
  • Lack of skilled manpower to use new technology
  • Brain drain and state’s incapability to recognize talent
  • No active participation of private sector in technology transfer
  • Hesitant mentality towards adopting new technology
  • Lack of access to technology has created familiarity problems
  • Lack of coordination among technology users.

Solutions

  • Planned action for technology transfer initiatives
  • Manage enough resources (human resources or others)
  • Training & skill development programs for existing users
  • Stop brain drain
  • Work hard on necessary infrastructure development
  •  Investment on study, research and experiment on new technology.
  • Work hard on make technology more accessible
  • Discard old in efficient technology
  • Promote private sector in technology transfer initiative

Intellectual Property Rights

  • Intellectual property rights are given to persons over the creations of their minds. They usually give the creator on exclusive right over the use of his/her creation for a creation for a certain period of time. It includes patents, copyright, industrial design rights, trademarks, trade dress and in some …. Trade secrets.
  • World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) established 1960 after Geneva Conference
  • Nepal WIPO member in 1997
  • WTO member 2004 
  • Bern convention – 2006
  • Copyright register office – 2060/61 BS
  • Copyright Act 2059

Importance

  • Promotes creative works
  • Protects intellectual property from theft
  • Provides benefit to actual creator
  • Prosecutes intellectual property …. thief
  • Helps in development, expansion and protection of this sector like Cinema, Art, Literature etc
  • Promotes country knowledge, science, society etc.
  • Promotes employment by protecting intellectual property
  • Helps in national economy
  • Promotes trade and finance
  • Helps in new technology development.

Problems

  • Lack of interest from states side for IPR
  • Lack of institutional mechanism for IPR promotion
  • Lack of skill & knowledge of people enforcing IPR
  • Lack of proper laws & regulations
  • Low education level about IPR
  • Passiveness of creators while seeking legal help for IPR violation
  • Lack of punishment for IPR violation
  • Lack of  resources for IPR violation

Solutions

  • Creators must be more vigilant about IPR
  • State’s activeness in essential for IPR protection
  • Skill, knowledge & empowerment for personnel working on IPR protection
  • Managing necessary resources for IPR protection
  • Create enough institutional mechanism for IPR protection
  • Strict laws & punishment to IPR violators
  • Easy legal procedure for prosecution of culprit
  • Enough law, policy & regulation is necessary
  • Public awareness campaign against piracy